Call Trick Anti-Disassembly

The call trick is an anti-disassembling technique that involves modifying the default function's return address. This can be used in conjunction with other techniques, such as the insertion of garbage bytes, to break disassemblers. Disassemblers that use recursive traversal or linear sweep may be particularly vulnerable to this trick, as they may be unable to accurately interpret the next instruction …

Opaque Predicate Anti-Disassembly

Opaque predicate is a term used in programming to refer to decision making where there is only one possible outcome. This can be achieved through the use of complex or hard-to-understand logic, such as calculating a value that will always return True.

Opaque predicates are often used as anti-disassembling techniques, as they can make it difficult for an analyst to …

Debugger Evasion Defense Evasion [Mitre]

Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid debuggers. Debuggers are typically used by defenders to trace and/or analyze the execution of potential malware payloads.

Debugger evasion may include changing behaviors based on the results of the checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a debugged environment. Similar to Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion, if the adversary detects a debugger, they …

Disassembly Desynchronization Anti-Disassembly

Disassembly desynchronization is a technique that is used to prevent disassemblers from accurately reconstructing the original instructions of a program. It involves the creative use of instructions and data in a way that breaks the normal, predictable sequence of instructions in a program. This can cause disassemblers to become "desynchronized" and generate incorrect disassembly output.

For example, suppose a program …

Abusing the Return Pointer Anti-Disassembly

Abusing the return pointer is an anti-disassembling technique that involves using the return instruction (RETN) in a way that is not expected by the disassembler. This can make it more difficult for the disassembler to accurately reconstruct the program's original instructions and can also make it more difficult for analysts to understand the program's behavior.

The RETN instruction is normally …

Jump With Same Target Anti-Disassembly

Jump with the same target is an anti-disassembling technique that involves using back-to-back conditional jump instructions that both point to the same target. This can make it difficult for a disassembler to accurately reconstruct the original instructions of the program, as the disassembler will not be able to determine the intended behavior of the program without actually executing it.

For …

Obscuring Control Flow Anti-Disassembly

Obscuring control flow is an anti-disassembling technique that involves using methods of flow control that are difficult or impossible for disassemblers and debuggers to follow. This can make it more difficult for analysts to understand the program's behavior and can also make it more difficult for other tools, such as debuggers, to accurately interpret the program.

One example of this …

Thwarting Stack-Frame Analysis Anti-Disassembly

Thwarting Stack-Frame Analysis is a technique used by malware to make it more difficult for security analysts to reverse engineer and analyze the code. A stack frame is a collection of data associated with a function, including local variables, arguments passed to the function, and the return address. Disassemblers can use information from the stack frame to understand a function's …

Misusing Structured Exception Handlers Anti-Disassembly

Misusing Structured Exception Handlers is a technique used by malware to make it more difficult for security analysts to reverse engineer the code. Structured Exception Handlers (SEH) are functions that are used to handle exceptions in a program. These can be misused by malware to fool disassemblers and make it harder to analyze the code. One way this is done …

Opcode Obfuscation Anti-Disassembly

Opcode obfuscation is an anti-disassembling technique that involves modifying the opcodes of a program's machine language instructions in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately reconstruct the original instructions. This can be done in a variety of ways, such as by using equivalent but different opcodes for the same operation, by adding additional instructions or data …

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