Interrupts Anti-Debugging

Adversaries may use exception-based anti-debugging techniques to detect whether their code is being executed in a debugger. These techniques rely on the fact that most debuggers will trap exceptions and not immediately pass them to the process being debugged for handling.

By triggering an exception and checking whether it is handled properly, the adversary's code can determine whether it …

Spaghetti, Junk Code Anti-Disassembly

Junk code is a technique used to add meaningless or irrelevant instructions to a program, in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately interpret the program's behavior. This technique is often used by malware authors to make it more difficult for analysts to reverse engineer the malware and understand its behavior.

Junk code can be …

Code Cave Antivirus/EDR Evasion

A code cave is a series of null bytes in a process's memory. The code cave inside a process's memory is often a reference to a section of the code’s script functions that have capacity for the injection of custom instructions. For example, if a script’s memory allows for 5 bytes and only 3 bytes are used, then the remaining …

Reflective DLL injection Process Manipulating

Reflective DLL loading refers to loading a DLL from memory rather than from disk. Windows doesn’t have a LoadLibrary function that supports this, so to get the functionality you have to write your own, omitting some of the things Windows normally does, such as registering the DLL as a loaded module in the process, potentially bypassing DLL load monitoring.

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Image File Execution Options Injection Process Manipulating

Image File Execution Options Injection, also known as IFEO Injection, is a technique used by malware to evade detection and persist on a compromised system.

The technique involves modifying the Image File Execution Options (IFEO) registry key, which is used by the Windows operating system to set debugging options for executable files. When an executable file is launched, the …

Extra Window Memory Injection Process Manipulating

Before creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data).

Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of Extra Window Memory (EWM) to be appended to the allocated memory of each …

PE Injection Process Manipulating

Instead of passing the address of the LoadLibrary, malware can copy its malicious code into an existing open process and force it to execute (either via a small shellcode, or by calling CreateRemoteThread).

One advantage of PE injection over the LoadLibrary technique is that the malware does not have to drop a malicious DLL on the disk. The …

Inline Hooking Process Manipulating

Inline hooking is a technique used to intercept calls to target functions. It is commonly used by antiviruses, sandboxes, and malware to perform a variety of tasks, such as checking parameters, shimming, logging, spoofing returned data, and filtering calls.

The process of inline hooking involves directly modifying the code within the target function, usually by overwriting the first few …

NOP Sled Anti-Disassembly

In computer security, a NOP slide is a sequence of NOP (no-operation) instructions that is inserted at the beginning of a code section. When a program branches to the start of this code section, it will "slide" through the NOP instructions until it reaches the desired, final destination. This technique is commonly used in software exploits to direct program execution …

Indicator Removal: Clear Windows Event Logs Anti-Forensic Defense Evasion [Mitre]

Event logging is a process that records important software and hardware events from various sources and stores them in a centralized location called an event log. This service is commonly used by applications and operating systems to track and troubleshoot issues, and can be a valuable tool for forensic investigations.

Event logs can provide valuable information about the actions …

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