API Obfuscation Anti-Disassembly

API obfuscation is a technique used by malware to make it more difficult for security analysts to understand and analyze the code. This is typically done by using a technique called API hashing, which replaces the names of API functions with a hashed value. When an analyst runs the malware through a disassembler tool, the hashed values are printed instead …

Inserting Garbage Bytes Anti-Disassembly

Garbage bytes are random or meaningless data that is inserted into a program's code in order to make reverse engineering and analysis more difficult. This is an anti-disassembling technique, as the insertion of these random bytes can cause disassemblers to misinterpret the code and produce incorrect disassembly results.

The insertion of garbage bytes is usually used in conjunction with other …

Opcode Obfuscation Anti-Disassembly

Opcode obfuscation is an anti-disassembling technique that involves modifying the opcodes of a program's machine language instructions in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately reconstruct the original instructions. This can be done in a variety of ways, such as by using equivalent but different opcodes for the same operation, by adding additional instructions or data …

Control Flow Graph Flattening Anti-Disassembly

Control flow flattening is a technique used to obfuscate the control flow of a program, in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately interpret the program's behavior. This technique involves breaking up the nesting of loops and if-statements in a program, and then hiding each of them in a case of a large switch statement. This …

Register Reassignment Anti-Disassembly

Register reassignment is a technique used in code obfuscation and anti-disassembling to make reverse engineering and analysis more difficult. It involves modifying the instructions in a program to use different registers in different versions or instances of the program. This can make it more difficult for a reverse engineer or disassembler to understand the program's behavior, as the register assignments …

Milfuscator Packers

Milfuscator is a tool used to obfuscate the code in a Portable Executable (PE) file by modifying and expanding the existing code in the ".text" section, without creating any new sections. It does this using the Zydis and AsmJit libraries, and is based on the concept of code mutation from a P2C project for the game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. The …

Code Transposition Anti-Disassembly

Code transposition is a technique used by malware authors to evade detection and analysis by rearranging the instructions of a piece of code without changing its behavior. This technique is used to make the code more difficult to read and understand for disassemblers and reverse engineers, as well as to hide the true intent of the code.

There are two …

Spaghetti, Junk Code Anti-Disassembly

Junk code is a technique used to add meaningless or irrelevant instructions to a program, in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately interpret the program's behavior. This technique is often used by malware authors to make it more difficult for analysts to reverse engineer the malware and understand its behavior.

Junk code can be inserted …

DLL Proxying Process Manipulating

DLL proxying is a technique used by malware to evade detection and gain persistence on a system. It involves replacing a legitimate DLL with a malicious DLL that has the same exported functions and is named similarly to the legitimate DLL.

When a program attempts to load the legitimate DLL, it will instead load the malicious DLL, which acts as …

Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information Defense Evasion [Mitre]

Adversaries may use Obfuscated Files or Information to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.

One such example is use of certutil to decode …

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